In world-systems theory, where do semi-periphery countries fit, and what characterizes them?

• A. Semi-periphery countries are above core countries in wealth and control.
• B. Semi-periphery countries have no role in globalization.
• C. Semi-periphery countries are primarily rural and isolated.
• D. Semi-periphery lies between core and periphery and often engages in both manufacturing and resource extraction.

Answer: (D)

Semi-periphery countries occupy an intermediate position in world-systems theory. They sit between core and periphery, meaning they are more developed than peripheral nations but not as powerful or wealthy as core nations. This status shows up in their mixed economic activities: they often have manufacturing and industrial sectors, but they also rely on resource extraction and export of raw materials. They participate actively in global markets, attract some foreign investment, and can influence regional dynamics, yet they remain dependent on core countries for technology, capital, and access to larger markets. That combination—being between core and periphery and engaging in both manufacturing and resource extraction—best describes semi-periphery. They are not simply wealthier than core, not isolated from globalization, and not primarily rural or isolated.